The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished Essay Example for Free

The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished Essay The death penalty should be abolished as a form of punishment. This paper intends to shine some light on the death penalty in order to help the reader understand what issues face the system today and what problems can be corrected. This paper achieves this by: (1) pointing out the wrongful sentencing of innocent people and the use of DNA testing in attaining their freedom; (2) emphasizing the unjustness of the Capital Punishment system due to the arbitrary, racial and geographically biased nature of the process; And also (3) It shows that the evidence backing up deterrence as a major benefit of the death penalty is exaggerated and unsubstantiated. With a specific look at how â€Å"future dangerousness† plays a part in keeping the death penalty around and how to change that. Last it will look at the rising costs associated with Capital Punishment. The death penalty risks too many innocent lives. DNA testing is currently the single greatest savior of unjustly sentenced death row inmates. It aided in the exoneration of 133 prisoners between 1973 and 2009. (Schmalleger, 2011) But up until the 1960s DNA exoneration by science wasn’t even thought up. This leads us to wonder how many death row inmates are actually innocent today. In most cases, there is no DNA evidence left behind leaving only the account of eyewitnesses to validate the crime. The only issue with that is witnesses have been wrong before. One notable death row case involving an eyewitness’s misconception was DeLuna v. Texas 1983. Carlos DeLuna was wrongfully executed for killing a single mother at his local gas station even after the real killer, who bear a striking resemblance to DeLuna, was captured and placed in a cell underneath his own. The person who helped unwind this web of DeLuna is the notable Columbia law professor James Liebman. In 2001 one of Liebman’s study revealed an error rate of 68% in Capital cases.(William W Berry, 2010) the extinguishing of an innocent human beings life is an irrevocable mistake that could be avoided with a sentence of Life without the Possibility of Parole (LWOP). Imbalanced justice system Part of the definition of Justice is â€Å"fairness or reasonableness, especially in the way people are treated or decisions are made† when you relate this to the death penalty you are presented with many divergence’s to that same logic. The following are a few examples of how the death penalty is unfair to certain groups: first the system is arbitrary in nature. The rich are able the attain some of the best defense attorneys in order to greatly increase their chance of avoiding the death penalty, while the poor must receive state appointed counsel. What makes matters worse is the lack of skilled counsel willing to work on Capital Punishment leads to a continued rise in the backlog of unrepresented sentenced prisoners. (Gray, 2011) The second example of unfairness results from geographic location. In some states, a felony murder is a Capital crime, Maryland is one. While other states, like New Jersey, need aggravating circumstances before the death penalty is given. Also, between the years of 1976 and 2004 more than 700 executions took place. 82% were a product of these ten states: (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MO, OK, SC, TX and VA) With Texas and Virginia accounting for half of these nationwide executions. (American Civil Liberties Union, 2002) There are no significant data showing a higher rate of violent crime in those states. So I must infer that, on a nationwide level, the Capital Punishment is unjust or at the very least unbalanced. The third unjustness of the Capital Punishment system stems from its racial disparities. Bias manifests itself in two ways. One, the even though â€Å"Latinos are the largest ethnic minority group in the United States† they still only comprise between 8% and 13% of defendants on death row in the 1990s. (Baik, 2012) now compare that to African Americans who, in the same time period, represented nearly 40% of all death row inmates in the US.(Greenfield, 1991) one case that highlights all three examples of unfairne ss in the Criminal justice system can be found in the 1972 trial of Furman v. Georgia. This was a case of a poor, black, man from a southern state that was prone to issuing the death penalty. The outcome of this trial was a de facto moratorium between 1967 and 1977 where no executions were conducted in the United’s states during this time (Schmalleger, 2011). Deterrence is exaggerated and also obtainable through other ways. There are two possible ways to examine deterrence. First, it can  be viewed the same way that most people understand it by; the Punishment of one criminal will deter multiple others from committing similar gruesome acts. This view has been brought up in a couple of study’s: the 2001 study by Hashem Dezhbakhsh and Paul Rubin at Emory University who concluded that on average one single execution results in 18 fewer murders; an earlier study was conducted by Viscusi in 1993 which pegged the average deterrence at 14. Most of the fundamental testing and deterrence hypotheses used leading up to the present were produced by Isaac Erlich between 1975 and 1977. (Erlich 1975) although a valiant attempt to survey something as complex as this topic, most of these types of data analysis are proven false due to factors such as, failure to include states that do not carry a death penalty; and that some studies have just been methodologically flawed. I would have to agree with the late US Supreme court justice Thurgood Marshall, LLB who said it best at the 1972 trial of Furman v. Georgia, â€Å"Despite the fact that abolitionists have not proved non-deterrence beyond a reasonable doubt, they have succeeded in showing by clear and convincing evidence that Capital Punishment is not necessary as a deterrent to crime in our society.† inconclusive studies and overall popular dismissal, have resulted in arguments in favor of these types of studies to start decreasing over time. As Federal prosecutor Donald Heller put it, â€Å"When someone kills, theyre thinking of satisfying whatever [made them] decide to kill. They never think about the ultimate Punishment.† (Heller, 2011) Second, deterrence, also called incapacitation, can be viewed as a permanent solution to the issue of â€Å"Future dangerousness†, which is, â€Å"the threat an offender will be likely to pose in the future.†(William W Berry, 2010). In William berry’s report, he goes on to say that future dangerousness is the strongest determinant of whether an individual receives the death penalty. This is harmful because studies show that juries tend to over-predict the presence of future dangerousness. In addition, â€Å"between 21% and 32% of jurors stated that their deliberations focused on the issue of future dangerousness extensively even when the prosecution failed to raise the issue.†(William W Berry, 2010) In fact, even practicing physicians have a very low probability of predicting future dangerous so it’s hard to see how a jury can do it accurately. This view of deterrence as in regards to Future dangerousness, compared with the first, has a more tangible way of  proving right or wrong. For instance, in the ring v. Arizona trial, Justice Breyer shared the following reasons why incapacitation could not justify the use of Capital Punishment: â€Å"Few offenders sentenced to life without parole (as an alternative to death) commit further crimes†. She also goes on to cite two studies proving her point; (1) â€Å"studies find average repeat murder rate of .002% among murderers whose death sentences were commuted; † and (2) â€Å"of the Furman-Commuted Inmates: 98% did not kill again either in prison or in free society.† (William W Berry, 2010) The fact that very little criminals that have been released from death row actually kill again, coupled with the poss ible replacement with the less controversial Life without the possibility of parole(LWOP), can make for a great rational for the abolishment of Capital Punishment. The rising cost of Capital Punishment. The cost of placing one person through the Capital Punishment system in some states like California can be as high as 100 Million Dollars. That same person could have been placed in a regular cell for 40 years and the state would still come out ahead. (schmalleger, 2011) Also in some states where the death penalty is not in use the state are still paying millions of dollars In taxes towards the death penalty. With the rising cost of prisons due to overcrowding and lack of funding, it may be only a matter of time before the death penalty becomes too expensive to implement. It would pay dividends to the local law enforcement, community based reform programs, and the economy as a whole if we abolish the death penalty and adopt the sentence of LWOP in its place. Conclusion To progress as a civilized nation and fully comply with international human rights laws. We need to stop murdering our civilians. Even if there was a way to eliminate all risk of erroneous executions of innocent people, we would still be committing murder by executing the criminal. The government takes the responsibility of these deaths away from the executioner and the physicians, but the government is just the culmination of the will of the people, so in turn, we the people are murdering our neighbors if we let this continue. Also, the system is terribly imbalanced. A majority of the nation’s death sentences come from a handful of counties. In turn, someone could commit the exact same type of murder on opposite sides of a state’s  borders, and one will receive the death penalty while the other will be free in about 40 years. There is also a high level of racial disparity amongst the death penalty. A person is more likely to receive the death penalty if they murder a white man, as opposed to a black man. Also, we covered deterrence and future dangerousness. The outcome found no weight in studies showing some decrease in crime resulting from the implementation of Capital Punishment. Furthermore, future dangerousness should be completely taken out of the equation because of the implementation of LWOP mixed with solitary confinement addresses that concern. Finally, the issue of cost is addressed. Cost should never be a deciding factor in whether someone lives or dies, but in our current troubled economy, the death penalty may enter the chopping block in due to the high costs associated with it. I would much rather see it being abolished all together than to see someone’s trial get improper handling due to cutting previously slim corners. Bibliography Baik, E. (2012). Gender, Religion and National Origin: Latinos’ Attitude toward Capital Punishment. Journal of Social Sciences (15493652), 8(1), 79-84. Science Publications. Retrieved from http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=74485107site=eds-live Ehrlich, I. (1975), â€Å"The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death,† American Economic Review 65: 468-474. GavrilÃ… ¡, A. N. (2011). SHOULD THE DEATH PENALTY BE ABOLISHED? ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THE CENTURIES-OLD PUNISHMENT. Journal for Communication Culture, 2(2), 82-98. Institute for Communication Culture. Retrieved from http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ufhAN=68630937site=eds-live Gray, J. P. (2011). ESSAY: FACING FACTS ON THE DEATH PENALTY. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 44(3), S255-S264. Loyola of Los Angeles School of Law. Retrieved from http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=67352324site=eds-live Greenfield, L. A. (1991). Capital Punishment 1990, 15. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=131648 Hayes-Harb, R., Masuda, K. (2008). Development of the Ability to Lexically Encode Novel Second Language Phonemic Contrasts. Second Language Research, 24(5), 5-33. DOI: 10.1177/0267658307082980. Heller, D. (2011, July 06). NEW VOICES: Author of Californias Expanded Death Penalty Law Now Supports Repeal. Retrieved from Death Penalty Information Center: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/new-voices-author-californias-expanded-death-penalty-law-now-supports-repeal Roko, E. (2010). FINALITY, HABEAS, INNOCENCE, AND THE DEATH PENALTY: CAN JUSTICE BE DONE? Washington Law Review, 85(1), 107-129. Washington Law Review. Retrieved from http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=48871624site=eds-live Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today. Upper saddle river: prenice hall. William W Berry, I. (2010). Ending Death by Dangerousness A Path to the De Facto Abolition of the Death Penalty. Arizona Law Review, 52, 889. Copyright (c) 2010 Arizona Board of Regents. Retrieved from http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edslexAN=edslexF5E3C687site=eds-live Viscusi, W.K. (1993), â€Å"The Value of Risks to Life and Health,† Journal of Economic Literature 31: 1912-1946. Weber, A., Cutler, A. (2004). Lexical competition in non-native spoken-word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 1-25. DOI: 10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00105-0. Furman v. Georgia 408 U.S. 238 (1972).

The Brain and The Origins Of Violence Essay -- Biology Essays Research

Is The Brain To Blame? Searching For The Origins Of Violence From the dawning of man, violence has always been one of the defining characteristics of humankind. Throughout all of history we see evidence of man's tendencies toward acting violently in response to his emotions - everything from anger, fear, to just plain enjoyment. But to where can we trace the true origin of violence, the place where it all begins? Does the root of violence stem from societal and cultural values or can we point the finger at a deeper cause, one with a neurobiological basis? Can we successfully predict the violent tendencies in individuals, and if so, how? And if there is a biological basis for violent behavior, where does that leave our society and our methods of control? These were the questions I sought to have answered. Before we can begin to answer these questions, however, we must first recognize that not all acts of violence are the same. Certainly the child that throws his toys across the room in anger does not compare to the serial rapist who takes pleasure in attacking women. However since we are primarily interested in tracing the roots of violent behavior, it would be most helpful to look back to the time when our thoughts and actions were only beginning to be shaped, when our minds were impressionable and constantly curious - our childhood. And so we will examine the three main categories of violence observed in childhood - community and school violence, media-related violence, and violence in the home (1) - so that we may begin to paint a picture of the environment in which the violent individual is born. It is no secret that violence in the schools and community has frighteningly been on the rise in America. In fact, from ... ... to no signs of violence at all. I have also learned that though we cannot as a just society judge people on the basis of what they may or may not do, we can use the various studies conducted to help in developing ways to control the violence that already exists. Perhaps in doing so, we can restructure our society to be one that is less violent, less threatening, and more fit for our future generations. WWW Sources 1)Violence and Childhood: How Persisting Fear Can Alter the Developing Child's Brain http://www.bcm.edu/cta/Vio_child.htm 2) Incubated in Terror: Neurodevelopmental Factors in the 'Cycle of Violence' http://www.bcm.edu/cta/incubated1.htm 3)Brain Study Sheds Light on Impulsive Violence , on the Science Daily website http://www.sciencedaily.com/ 4)Caution Urged for Brain Research on Violence http://hoinguoivietmi.20m.com/August.htm

Competitive advantage Sony Essay

1 Introduction Nowadays it has become more and more important for organizations, such as Sony, to differentiate themselves from their competitors by enhancing the way their customers perceive and experience their brand and products. This has become more crucial for the success of Sony due to the fact that the demands and expectations of customers have changed. Today’s market is not only looking at the direct benefits of purchasing a product but also at the added benefits that come with it. More and more competitors of Sony have  changed the way they interact with their customers in order to gain and maintain competitive advantage (Sony, n.d.). This paper will explore the possibilities for Sony to increase sales by drawing attention to the experience of customers using their products. 2 Research problem statement In order to stay competitive, Sony needs to find new ways to enhance customer experience of their products. This entails emphasizing on the whole offering of the organization including, of course, the quality of customer care and product features, but also creative advertising, packaging, ease of use, and reliability (Meyer & Schwager, 2007). At the moment, Sony is facing heavy competition in all their market segments. According to Gianforte (2012), nowadays an organization cannot only successfully compete based on their products/services and price alone. Customer experience has become the new critical differentiator that a successful business should be based up on. This customer experience can have an influence on the buying intention through the following process: Satisfaction Howard (1977, 1983, in: Fornell & Johnson, 1991) found that a positive customer experience leads to high levels of customer satisfaction. According to Olsen, Wilcox & Olsson (2005), consumer satisfaction is a global evaluation or a state of feeling towards a product or service. According to Giese and Cote (2000), satisfaction consists of three general components, namely: – The consumer satisfaction is an emotional or cognitive response. – The response is associated with a particular focus, expectations, product and consumption experience. – The response happens in a particular time Trust With regard to satisfaction brand trust plays an important role in satisfaction in developing a customer base committed to the brand. Trust is a key variable in the development of an enduring desire to maintain a relationship in the long term (Morgan and Hunt, 1994, in: Delgado-Balester, Munuera-Alà ©man). Seybold (2001) adds that trust grows from every experience customers have with a product and service. Bowers, Richardson & Swan (1998) agree with the statement that a positive customer experience can be created  by building trust with them. Brand trust can be created by sending out credible and expert messages. Also, adding a trust appeal to messages (for example â€Å"You can trust on the fact that we do our job well†) increases brand reliability, leads to a more positive attitude towards the brand and increases purchasing intention (Hornikx, 2002). Paul, Schneider and White (1998) found that when customers are satisfied thus have positive perceptions of an organization, they are likely to remain a customer of that organization. In line with this statement Espejel, Fandos & Flavian (2004) and Howard (1977, in: Fornell & Johnson, 1991) found that a higher satisfaction leads to greater levels of loyalty and buying intention of the service or product. This is also confirmed by Gentile et al. (2007) who state that when customers have a positive customer experience, an emotional tie will be created between a firm’s brand and its customers, which in turn enhances customer loyalty. Loyalty European researchers studying during the 1970s business-to-business marketing discovered that suppliers who formed close working relationships with their customers tended to have better customers. Better refers to the fact that the customers were more loyal to the organization. Also, the customers evaluated the suppliers higher. Subsequent research found that loyal customers are more profitable to a firm. The profitability is thought to be generated by reduced servicing costs, less price sensitivity, increased spending, and the recommendations passed on to other potential customers. To strengthen relationships with their customers, and bond them to an organization, most organizations are interested in loyalty programs (Dowling & Uncles, 1997). Buying intention Loyalty is a crucial factor when it comes to buying intention. Light (1994, in: Palumbo & Herbig, 2000) states that building brand loyalty will endure profitable growth as well as sales volume. The positive effect of loyalty on sales is also emphasized by Bowen and Chen (2001). Their research shows that loyal customers increase sales by purchasing a wider variety of the products and by making more frequent purchases. Relation between customer experience and buying intention When taking an overview at the literature mentioned above, a relation between the several factors can be noticed. Literature teaches that a positive customer experience leads to a higher satisfaction. This in turn increases the brand trust. This trust simultaneously affects the loyalty of customers in a brand. In the end this loyalty results in an increase in buying intention. 2.1 Purpose of research Based on the importance of the customer experience and its influence on the buying intention the general purpose of this research is to get an insight in the important determinants of this experience. In order to investigate what determinants Sony should particularly focus on, in the following sections the main research question and the sub-questions are defined. After the questions there will be a review of the relevant literature on the topic of customer experience. Thereafter an explanation of the methods used will be given, followed by the analysis and the conclusion. Based on these conclusion there will be given an advice to the management. 3 Research question Based on the problem statement, the following main research question is proposed: In what way can Sony adjust their communication strategy to improve the costumer experience in order to increase sales? The main question can be answered due answering the following sub-questions: What is meant by â€Å"customer experience† and what are its determinants? Which determinants are of most importance determining the costumer experience? 4 Proposed literature In order to answer the main research question it is of importance for Sony to exactly know what is meant by â€Å"customer experience† and what the determinants of the experience are. This can be found through a literature study. After that they can investigate which determinants are of most importance according to the customers of Sony. In literature several definitions on the concept of ‘customer experience’ have been mentioned. According to Berry, Carbone and Haekel (2002) customers always have an experience whenever they purchase a product or service from a company. Meyer and Schwager (2007) state that customer experience is â€Å"the internal and subjective response customers have to any direct or indirect contact with a company. Direct contact generally occurs in the course of purchase, use, and service and is usually initiated by the customer. Indirect contact most often involves unplanned encounters with representatives of a company’s products, services or brands and takes the form of word-of-mouth recommendations or criticisms, advertising, news reports, reviews and so forth†(in: Verhoef, Lemon, Parasuraman, Roggeveen, Tsiros & Schlesinger, 2009, p. 32). Gentile, Spiller and Noci (2007) on the other hand, use a different definition of customer experience, namely: customer experience â€Å"originates from a set of interactions between a customer and a product, a company, or part of its organization, which provoke a reaction†. This experience is strictly personal and implies customer’s involvement at different levels; on a rational, emotional, sensorial, physical or spiritual level. Verhoef et al. (2009) also state that the experience factor plays an increasingly important role in determining the success of a company’s offering because of the competition in the global. Therefore, organizations need to manage the customer experience in order to improve the company’s success. In order to aggregate a positive customer experience, it is crucial that Sony is aware of the influences on this experience. When looking at determinants of customer experience in literature, the conceptual model by Verhoef et. al (2009) provides an overview of all the factors that have an influence on one’s customer experience. The model can be found in appendix A. Based on the abovementioned model the determinants of costumer experience are: social environment, service interface, retail atmosphere, assortment, price, customer experiences in alternative channels, retail brand, past customer experience. Current research will focus on these determinants and therefore the constructs will represent these determinants. These constructs  can be found in appendix B. Situation moderators and consumer moderators will not be included, because the organization can not influence these factors. 5 Methods and techniques In order to answer the main research question a complete overview of the most important determinants of costumer experience by the Dutch Sony customers is needed. This overview will be accomplished by a thorough questionnaire amongst the Dutch customers. Based on the answers of this questionnaire a focus group will follow in order to indicate the factors which can be improved so a higher customer experience is created. Questionnaire The constructs of the questionnaire are based on the determinants of customer experience by Verhoef et al. (2009), the constructs can be found in appendix A. They are used because their causal effect on customer experience is proven in literature. The questionnaire will be sent to Sony customers as well as non-Sony costumers (details see appendix C). Appendix D shows the questionnaire sent to the respondents. The questions of the questionnaire are linked to the constructs, this linkage can be found in appendix E. After receiving the answers the questionnaire will be analyzed, this process can be found in appendix C. The results of these questionnaire indicate which determinants have the most influence on the consumer experience of the Dutch (Sony) customers. Focus groups The focus groups with a number of twelve respondents per group will consist of six Sony costumers and six non Sony costumers. A detailed overview of the target group and focus groups can be found in appendix C. The content of the sessions will be based on the results of the questionnaire, which will show the determinants that have the most influence on customer experience. The group of people will discuss what they find convenient subjects with regard to these constructs. Based on these subject there can be analyzed which things Sony has to adjust within its communication strategy so the strategy will match the customer’s optimal customer experience. 6 Analysis In order to answer the main research question one must first answer the second sub-question. This question covers the determinants that are of most importance concerning the customer experience. The answers to the questionnaire will provide the information for answering the sub-question. Questionnaire The first analysis is oriented at determining the average scores of each question and eventually for each construct. Appendices F till L show the average score of every question, displayed per construct. These scores are distracted from the scale, reaching from 1 till 5, with 2.5 as the mean of the scale. Questions concerning the social environment show above mean scores, with a 3.6 as the minimum. This means that the social environment is a very important determinant of customer experience. Service interface also has very high scores. With an average of 4.3 the highest scored question of this construct states that customers agree with the fact the co-customization adds value to products. The role of the retail atmosphere seems to be of less influence on the customer experience. The average scores of these question are significantly lower, with 5 out of 10 questions scoring below the mean of the scale. Questions within the assortment and past experiences construct have a score far above the mean. While the questions concerning both retail brand and price mostly score below mean. Next to the average scores of the questions appendix M shows the average score per construct. One can see from the bar chart there are four out of seven constructs that score far above the mean, and three constructs that score about the mean. Therefore there will be concluded that these four constructs (social environment, service interface, assortment and past experiences) are the determinants that are of most importance determining the costumer experience. Focus groups Following to the questionnaire are the focus groups. During these sessions the customers discussed about each of the highly important constructs: social environment, service interface, assortment and past experiences. Certain subjects came up during these discussions, these subjects were labeled, see appendix N. During the focus groups it was found that the past experience mostly concerned the service interface (e.g. the service  personnel) and the assortment (e.g. quality of the product). An important label that was mentioned was the trust that derives from positive past experience, which makes them willing to buy more of Sony. Besides the service interface and the assortment the customers within the focus groups also discussed about the social environment. Reviews and the opinions of other with regard to the experience of a product are seen as important influencers. 7 Conclusion and advice to the management This research is conducted in order to investigate in what way Sony can adjust their communication strategy to improve the costumer experience in order to increase sales. Therefore there is already stated what the definition of customer experience is and what its determinants are. The results of the questionnaire and focus groups show that there are four determinants that are of most influence with regard to the customer experience. Two of these components can be influenced by Sony, namely the service interface and the assortment. The other two constructs, social environment and past experience, are in turn influenced by these components and can not be directly influenced. With regard to the service interface it is of importance that the personnel of Sony meets the requirements that the customers find of importance: kind, helpful, advising and knowledge. These characteristics are perceived to be very important when it comes to a pleasant experience within the store. In addition to the social experience, logically another important factor is the assortment of Sony. The quality and the variety of this assortment is of great importance. The social experience, through service interface, and the practical experience, through the assortment, are both constructs that can be influenced by Sony. The construct past experience can not be influenced by Sony, because of the fact that the experience is already in the past, nevertheless Sony can improve their current service interface and assortment. In that way customers’ past experiences for the future will be positive. In line with  Morgan and Hunt (1994) and Seybold (2001) there was found that positive experiences with the brand creates trust with the customer. These positive past experience will therefore create trust in Sony, which will lead to remaining buying intentions. With regard to social environment the importance of the experience of others and online reviews was noted. Sony can only influence these factors by providing good services (service interface) and products (assortment), so people will evaluate these products and services positive. Based on these conclusions the advices for the management are: Develop a training program for all of the employees: they have to meet certain requirements with regard their knowledge about the products of Sony and to the way they provide their services. After implementing the program make sure that the customers also know of the training, so they know they can trust the advice of the skilled personnel within the store. This can be mentioned at posters, commercials etc. (e.g. on a poster: â€Å"Feel free to visit our store for questions or advice, we keep ourselves up-to-date especially for you!†) Make sure that all the communication expressions emphasize the quality of the products and to enhance the quality of these products customers can be asked to give their opinion about the product on the Sony website. Through this system the chance will increase that a big part of the online reviews will be given at the Sony site. In this situation the communication department of Sony can quickly detect negative reactions on which they can respond to solve the problem. All the visitors of the review will so experience the involvement of Sony, which creates sympathy. Send good quality products to influential people that make movies on YouTube and ask them to review the product. Make clear that you want them to give their honest opinion, and that they also mention that to their viewers. A good Sony product will then get an excellent review viewed by a great amount of customers. 8 References Berry, L.L., Carbone, L.P., & Haeckel, S.H. (2002). Managing the total customer experience. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(3), pp. 1-6. Bowen, J.T., & Chen, S.L. (2001). The relationship between customer loyalty and customer satisfaction, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(5), pp. 213 – 217 Bowers, M.R., Richardson, L.D. & Swan, J.E. (1998). Customer trust in the salesperson: an integrative review and meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Research, 44, pp. 93-107. Delgado-Ballester, E., & Munuera-Alemà ¡n, J.L. (2001). Brand trust in the context of consumer loyalty, European Journal of Marketing, 35(11), pp. 1238 – 1258 Down, C.W., & Adrian, A.D. (2004). Assessing organizational communication. New York, United States: the Guilford Press. Dowling, G.R., & Uncles, M. (1997). Do Customer Loyalty Programs Really Work?, Sloan Management Review, 38 (4), pp. 71-82. Espejel,J., Fandos, C., & Flavia ´n, C.(2004). Consumer satisfaction: A key factor of consumer loyalty and buying intention of a PDO food product. British Food Journal, 110 (9), pp. 865-881. Fornell, C. & Johnson, M.D. (1991). A framework for comparing customer satisfaction across individuals and product categories. Journal of Economic Psychology, 12, pp. 267-286. Gentile, C., Noci, G. & Spiller, N. (2007). How to sustain the customer experience: an overview of experience components that co-create value with the customer. European Management Journal, 25(5), pp. 395-410. Gianforte, G. (2012). Seven Power Lessons for Customer Experience Leaders. Oracle White Paper. Giese, J.L. & Cote, J.A. (2000). Deï ¬ ning consumer satisfaction, Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1, pp. 1-24. Hornikx, J. (2002). Vertrouwen in nieuwe producten van nieuwe merken in reclame. Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap, 30(3), pp. 249-261. Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (1996). Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy. California Management Review, 39(1), pp. 53-79. Martin, C.L. & Charles, A.P. (1989) Compatibility Management: Customer-to-Customer Relationships in Service Environments. Journal of Services Marketing,3(3), pp.5 – 15. Olsen, S.O., Wilcox, J., & Olsson, U. (2005). Consequences of ambivalence on satisfaction and loyalty, Psychology & Marketing, 22 (3), pp. 247-69. Palumbo, F., & Herbig, P. (2000). The multicultural context of brand loyalty, European Journal of Innovation Management, 3(3), pp. 116 – 125 Paul, M.C., Schneider, B. & White, S.S. (1998). Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: test of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), pp. 150-163. Seybold, P.B. (2001). The Customer Revolution: How to Thrive when Customers are in Control. Luzern, Switzerland: getAbstract. Sony (n.d.). Last retrieved on December 12th, 2012, from: http://www.sony.net/

My Interest On Financial Management - 924 Words

The popular proverb of knowledge is power has been my driving force for every endeavor in life. It means knowledge is more powerful to physical strength and the practice of this aphorism made me believe that every successful business thrives on adequate understanding and efficient application of financial management. My interest in financial management in agribusiness was spurred on after taking a course on agricultural finance and cooperative. I learned that finance (money) is the live wire of every business. Perhaps this is why much as been continuously said about the indispensability of finance in the revival and growth of agriculture in Nigeria. Being raised in a country where there are high agricultural resources for financial†¦show more content†¦I served as a member of student council occupying the position of the Daniel Hall Representative of Landmark University Hall of Residence. I supervise weekly community development and environmental activities, facilitates effe ctive communication between students and staff in the university. Also, in subsequent years, I was the financial secretary of Prison Support Team under the big umbrella of Landmark University Liberation Army, a non-profit voluntary community development/charity organization from 2013 to 2015. I was involved in keeping financial records of all activities geared towards reaching out to inmates at various prisons across Nigeria. In spite of all these responsibilities, I made sure my extra-curricular activities did not affect my primary purpose in school. I studied hard and made sure my grade never for once dropped rather, it increased with great effect as I progressed and I was able to graduate with a First Class Honours at the long run. To gain practical knowledge in my field of study, I currently work as an executive assistant to the general manager in the accounting and finance department of an agribusiness firm where expectations are high and meeting deadline is paramount. This availed me the opportunity of working in a dynamic and competitive business environment. Being continuously tasked with my job helped me realized the actual value of responsibility, timeShow MoreRelatedApplication Essay to The Financial Risk Management Program977 Words   |  4 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE My short-term goal is to help a firm manage its financial risk by developing and applying effective risk management strategies. My long term goal is to lead an enterprise wide risk management program for a multi-national company. My experiences in IT Risk Services, Accounting Audit and Structured Finance Advisory Services at the Big Four firms helped shape my career goal and created a strong fascination for Financial Risk Management. These experiences taught me how risksRead MoreThe Role Of Accounting And Finance Methods1710 Words   |  7 Pagesand assess the performance of the business. Accounting and finance play a vital part in establishing and examining certain and quantifiable strategic objectives, enabling the business to function proficiently and effectually. The role of financial and non-financial data for strategic decision-making is highlighted in several explanations of accounting. I’ve recognised that accounting can be seen as the method of verifying, measuring and conveying economic data to permit informed findings and decisionsRead MoreEssay On Application Of Machine Learning In Finance970 Words   |  4 Pagescontinue my research on earnings revision and earnings surprises as well as investigate other factors of return predictability related to size, profitability, and momentum. In addition, my other research interests are in (1) investments, (2) hedge funds and mutual funds, and (3) applications of machine learning in finance. My experience at Villanova, both as a research fellow and a student was formative of my fascination with investments, hedge funds, and mutual funds. My original interest sparkedRead MoreFinancial Analyst1306 Words   |  6 PagesField of interest: Financial Analysis Introduction I am interested in investing and that means that I am interested in almost all investment vehicles; from stocks and bonds to futures and options. However, I am in certain stage of my life where I dont have high income. So I shifted my interest primarily toward options. Because of the simply reason, options in 100 shares will cost much less than actually buying 100 shares. This reason and my todays situation have forced me to be more interestedRead MoreFinancial and Managerial Accounting628 Words   |  3 PagesBoth financial and managerial accounting analyze economic data, however the major differences between the two strands include; user groups, information type, regulatory control and reporting frequency (Atrill and McLaney, 2012) User Groups: Financial accounting mostly provides information for external stakeholders such as shareholders, lending institutions, prospective investors and creditors, whereas managerial accounting mostly make available information for internal users such as managers andRead MoreMy Mind, Project And Enterprise Management, The Art Of Evaluation And Control968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement In my mind, Project and Enterprise Management is the art of evaluation and control. When I was a kid, I have been curious about the methods of self-management and ask myself: how one plan could be completed efficiently, how some people could coordinate various things in life successfully and the way we evaluate and get the perception of the state of one object or a person. My passion for discovering the science of project management, especially on construction grew from a visitRead MoreThe Financial Manager Of The Healthcare Organization1588 Words   |  7 PagesAs the financial manager of the healthcare organization, I will review my management view and the specifics that are associated. I will delve into the stewardship components of my view as well. I will accumulate records for the financial operations of the organization and delve specifically into what those pieces are and how I would use those. I will explain the tools that I would utilize in order to explain the financial do cuments. And lastly, I will delve into the process I would follow for borrowingRead MoreMaking A Decision For A Higher Education Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmust be a desire to commit to a financial outlay once a decision is made.   I made a decision to attend Ashford University in January of 2014.   I am pursuing a BA in Operational Management and Analysis with a set graduation date of January 2018.   This paper is a financial report on my college education and projected future employment utilizing an ROI calculation. The reason I select to pursue a BA in Operational Management and Analysis is the personal gain of financial status.   Society has a growingRead MoreAnalysis Of Schulich School Of Business Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesskills and learn further from it. Thus, seeking for both the theory and the real-life experience is essential to be a successful business person in the future. Management Skills Development Assignment MSDA is an independent project for the first year Schulich students that is specifically geared to improving personal learning interest. Each project will be unique and original from one another. The project encourages students to take risks to build upon the skills they lack and to challenge oneselfRead MoreRun Inc. Case1098 Words   |  5 PagesRUN, INC. Case 1) What are the practical differences in the accounting for a change in estimate and a correction of an error? Why might managements prefer one approach to another? What pictures do the two accounting presentations paint for readers outside the company? A change in estimate is a normal and ongoing process of a company. It usually arises from the appearance of new information that alters the current situation. Accounting for a change in estimate is treated prospectively. Companies

Creative Writing A Short Story - 1440 Words

Payday arrived for both me and Patsy, giving us the opportunity to attend the luxurious cinema and a wider variety of movies. As we stand before the array of movie posters, deciding between an action or comedy, somehow, how conversation shifts over to John. â€Å"He was so excited about the other night,† says Patsy. I abandon the posters and give her a questioning look. â€Å"About what?† â€Å"Well, first of all spending the evening with you, and then because you hugged him the way you did.† She taps her finger against her lips as she continues to scrutinise each poster. Maybe John didnt discuss what I did in the cinema. She looks at me with a wide curve of her lips revealing her teeth. Her eyebrows raise briefly. â€Å"Then you held his hand.† She rests†¦show more content†¦The love they expel for each other radiates around them. With a tender hand, he caresses the side of her face, whereupon her eyes flutter closed as she leans into his touch. He envelopes her into his arms before kissing her once again. â€Å"Hey, isnt that Alice over there?† asks Patsy. I refuse to answer her. The stone pit materialises in my stomach as the acrid taste forms in my mouth. The hummingbird broke free from her cage and flew far away. I doubt she will ever return. â€Å"Whos the hunk shes with?† Patsy continues. â€Å"Who do you think he is?† I ask in a dry voice. I turn towards Patsy to find her squinting as she scrutinises the couple. Once she acknowledges them, her eyes widen. â€Å"Its Angelo. Wow, shes lucky, isnt she? How did she manage to tie him down?† I lower my gaze to my hands that twine my fingers together. The sudden nausea hits and I grasp onto my coke, taking sips from the straw until the nausea dissipates. No longer can I deceive myself, to hold onto that glimmer of hope that I had it all wrong. Here they are, in full view, expressing their love for one another, right in front of me. â€Å"Patsy?† I gaze through my lashes at her. She turns from Alice and Angelo, giving me her full attention. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Can you tell me more about John?† A curve caresses her lips. â€Å"Sure, what would you like to know?† â€Å"Why did he break up with his girlfriend?† She rolls her eyes. â€Å"She was the worst. They were dating before John went into the army, andShow MoreRelatedCreative Writing : A Short Story1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe girls sat seperated in two stark, cold rooms. Each of the girls was sat at a table with a clear plastic cup of water sitting at arm’s length from them, both cups untouched. How could they drink when their best friend was no where to be seen? They had been having an innocent night of fun at Mercedes’ house three weeks ago, the first of many planned for the spring break, watching movies on Netflix and eating a pizza they ordered. The night was full of rambling about how classes were, drama floatingRead MoreShort Story : Creative Writing1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn the woods when the sun was just starting to set, there was a van driving on a long-abandoned road, behind the wheel of said van was a tired looking girl who seemed to be about 19. She took a sip of the long cold coffee, and turned to the turquoise haired girl sitting next to her. Hey uhhhh Cas, Cassie? Where are we? Noting the headphones, she stopped the car and turned around to inquire of the two boys in the back, Kenny, Timmy, do either of you have an idea where we are? It seems like weveRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1281 Words   |  6 PagesSMACK! I was on my back, peering up at Josh as he laid on top me. â€Å"Gotc....† He begins to say but stopped. The look of victory slowly vanished from his face at the realization of how little space was between us. I could feel his heart hammering in his chest or maybe it was mine. Because, Josh was now searching my eyes as if he was looking for an answer to a question. His lips were only inches from mine and I could feel the heat coming off of them. Everything inside of me screamed to move awayRead MoreShort Story : Creative Writing865 Words   |  4 Pages Brrring! Brrring! Brrring! Brrring! â€Å"What is someone doing calling at 2am† whispers Dave groggily as he wipes his eyes and p icks up the phone. Yawning, somehow he manages to make something comprehendible come out of his mouth, â€Å"Hello? This is Dave speaking.† â€Å"Dave! This is Joe†¦ your old roommate from college. How are you doing?† â€Å"I am doing fine.† says Dave thinking and thinking about who Joe is when suddenly he remembers. At that moment he groans but manages to put out a polite response,Read MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1037 Words   |  5 PagesThere she goes again. Mother can’t ever mind her own business, Seriously will it kill her to just leave her thoughts to herself. Little Mike came up tugging at her sleeve, his soft little fingers grasping at the cloth, a pull then another. â€Å"Yes sweetheart.† Mike looked at her, his finger pointed forwards, just at the edge of my vision. â€Å"It’s our turn now mommy.† She looked up; Mike quickly ran forward. â€Å"Woah slow down buddy, you can’t walk away by yourself.† Mike came to a sudden stop;he turned toRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhen their parents entered their room, Charlie watched as Maggie walked to the window and kept her back to them. They could al l tell she was upset about something. Looking at Elliot, she pushed herself up further in the bed, as Callum grabbed Ian and took a seat on the chair next to her. Ben clasped his hands in front of him as he took a deep breath. â€Å"Ive been asked to stay here in order to help Rachel on her work supplying the Republic with power. I plan on asking Miles to let all of you andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbench nearby. And that’s what she was doing now. She sighed and stood up to go home. The next day she went to school and her best friend Sarina asked, â€Å"What’s wrong?† She then told her the whole story as she didn’t know what happened yesterday because she was absent. Hearing the story she said, â€Å" It’s a good thing that I upgraded my remote few days ago. You should go to the remote shop today after school.† Then they both went to class. When Maya entered her first class she saw Tasha andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1583 Words   |  7 Pagesforbid, if you don’t find it within two seconds, then youre most definitely an incompetent driver. Almost needless to say, Jason didn’t follow in the outlier’s footsteps, and he aced the questionnaire. Though he did take note that his examiner was creative with her questions. She was probably was deeply saddened that there wasn’t a convoluted touch screen to inquire about, Jason thought to himself. Finally all the formalities were complete, consequently, he took a second to get himself mentally, andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1615 Words   |  7 Pagestown to barter, we’ll ask around.† Shocked that her husband knows about Miles tattoo on her arm, Rachel clings to him in the silence, her mind racing at the possible implications. XXX Rachel sits stunned at the table, listening to Ben relay the story that he’s heard over and over in the village nearest to the house they’ve decided to ride out the winter in. â€Å"Soul Marks? How is that possible? These are just replicas of tattoos,† she replies with a disbelieving shake of her head. Ben shruggedRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1722 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Pardon me, but just how are you going to keep people from learning your name? Even if you use an assumed name, they’ll still recognize you elsewhere.† He slumped in his chair. â€Å"I guess I won’t be able to work with you then, sir. I don’t want the notoriety that could come.† The owner winced. â€Å"Tell you what, son, I’ll talk with some of the others and see if we can’t figure something out. If anything changes, you’ll be called right away. Sound good?† â€Å"Yes sir.† Blake left the stuffy office and

Environmental Crime and Perspectives - 2414 Words

One of the main misunderstandings in environmental crime is the lack of consistency in the definition and classification of environmental crime. The primary problem is differing perspectives as to what constitutes as environmental crime, embedded in moral, philosophical and legalistic interpretations of harm and in what circumstances does this harm becomes a crime (White, 2008). Many criminologists have put forth perspectives which explain the reasons why individuals and corporations engage in activities that cause environmental harms. These perspectives can be linked to the original environmental or green criminology perspectives. Pollution and dumping has become an increasingly costly problem for the environment. As a results,†¦show more content†¦It is estimated that e-waste constitutes five percent of municipal solid waste and is expected to continuously rise. E-waste does not breakdown and stockpiling in landfill runs the great risk of toxic leaching into surroun ding soils and in the case of an unlined landfill, possibly also into ground water. A steady build up of toxics has potential to cause significant environmental harm. However, according to the Australian Institute of Criminology, despite Australia being one of the most highly regulated areas of environmental control in Australia, there is no actual formal analysis on the activities of waste disposal and illegal polluting (Bricknell 2010). The lack of available statistics regarding illegal dumping can be explained by the tendency to regard the problem as non criminal. Environmental criminology requires more than simply talking about the environment and what needs to be done to protect it. It requires investigating trends and issues as well as asking questions. On one hand, what happens in our natural environment effects us personally, even if they are not immediate consequences and thus matters regarding environmental harm and those that commit it raise questions of social structures (White, 2008). Quinney (1970) publicised the idea that societal power relations reflects social construction. When viewing which part of society commits the most crime we immediately think of the powerless over the powerful. However, law-making processesShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Violence: The Virginia Tech University Shootings880 Words   |  4 Pageslogical that something so extraordinarily awful and wrong must have been caused by an equally unusual and outrageous problem or anomaly. However, explaining heinous crimes of violence is not so straight-forward; understanding violent behavior involves multiple, and sometimes conflicting, theoretical perspectives and disciplines. Crime causation began to be a focus of study in the rapidly developing biological and behavioral sciences during the 19th century. Early biological theories proposed thatRead MoreThe Research Theories Of Biosocial Criminology1177 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors that distinguish each theory are as unique as they are the same. Each individual theory takes on a different side of the same factors but the current criminological theories don’t carry much merit due to the lack of criminality predictability, crime explanation, and to the inconsistencies within the theories themselves. Unlike other areas of scientific research, criminology is continually adding new theories without falsifying and eliminating theories that are known to be incorrect. It would beRead MoreEssay on Approaches to crime prevention1666 Words   |  7 Pages Approaches to crime prevention have emerged over time and are demonstrated in different solutions, practices, and policies executed by law enforcement, courts, corrections, family, and community. Some of the dominant approaches to crime prevention currently used by law enforcement, courts, corrections, family, and community are: situational crime prevention, crime prevention through social development, crime prevention through environmental design, community crime prevention, reduction of recidivismRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Criminology901 Words   |  4 PagesChoice theory was born out of the perspective of crime causation which states that criminality is the result of conscious choice. This theory is also known as the rational choice theory. According to this theory, the choice whether or not to commit a criminal act is the result of a rational thought process that weighs the risks of paying the costs of committing a crime, against the benefits obtained. In other words, if the benefits--monetary or otherwise--outweigh the risks of sustaining the costsRead MoreTheories Of Criminology And Criminal Behavior952 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early to mid-1800s there were a few perspectives introduced regarding how to determine which individuals were more likely to commit criminal behavior. These perspectives were made to identify and separate the more â€Å"superior† individuals from the â€Å"inferior† individuals. One of the first examples of this belief was brought forth by craniometry. Craniometry is the belief that the size of a person’s brain and the skull can tell a person’s superiority or inferiority in relation to certain racialRead MoreEssay on Ideal Victim1711 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough most people can relate to an ‘ideal victim’ there is a ‘positivist perspective’ in victimology that defines the behaviour and circumstances of people can have a direct contribution to their victimisatio n. However, the ‘feminist perspective’ would argue that by suggesting a victim had aided in their victimisation would require the victim to accept some form of accountability for their victimisation. A ‘radical perspective’ broadens our understanding of victimhood. It requires us to acknowledgeRead MoreThe, Socio Economics And Critical Legal Theories Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagestheories. And blend textual, and intentionalist approach to discuss the possibility of criminalizing extensive environmental degradation. The central idea here is to use scientific evidences and frameworks, such as planetary boundaries and others, to first establish, reasonably if not conclusively, that changes in the natural systems are directly imputable to man-made activities. That environmental degradation, without being alarmist, has reached such a proportion that it’s no longer feasible to brushRead MorePrison Industrial Complex And Its Interrelationships1734 Words   |  7 Pagessociety today because Beverly was sentenced to death in a maximum prison which was very tough. The crime which she had committed were not worth a death sentence but she was given the sentence even though she did not deserve to deserve to be imprisoned for life. The policies which are passed guide the prison industry and sentencing and this affects the general structure of the judgment procedures. Crime and punishment are some of the factors which are uncorrelated in the process of providing effectiveRead MoreEssay Biological Expl anations of Criminal Behaviour1357 Words   |  6 PagesCrime theories are still in a development stage; it is an evolutionary process that continues to this day. Crime is still a complex and misunderstood phenomenon with no concrete evidence when it comes to human behavior. Throughout time there have been endless amounts of crime theories, few of which revolve around biological explanations. We have Cesare Lombroso and the Positive School who thought that criminals were genetically different from the rest of the general population, that they were biologicallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime Resistance And Susceptibility Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesPer the assignment instructions, this paper will present the prospective study’s guiding theoretical perspective along with its corresponding propositions and concepts followed by a brief discussion of potential extant instruments capable of capturing these dimensions. Next, a review of examples of operationalization methods used to construct variables from those items in prior research will precede the unveiling of research questions and hypotheses intended for the exploration of the theory. Lastly

Validity and Reliability of Evaluation Tool †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Validity and Reliability of Evaluation Tool. Answer: Introduction: Michael is the subject of evidence-based occupational interventions advocated by Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) and requiring administration with the objective of enhancing his motivation to facilitate the pattern of activities of daily living and personal care. MOHO based approaches are prevalently utilized by occupational therapists in mental health practice in the context of elevating the psychosocial outcomes in mentally challenged individuals (Lee, et al., 2012). The occupational therapist will attempt to enhance the pattern of patients attributes including his performance, habituation and volition in the context of improving his skills related to the configuration of a daily lunch for school. The therapist would require systematically collaborating with a qualified nutritionist with the objective of evaluating the nutrition behavior and eating pattern of Michael in the community environment. Accordingly, the occupational therapist and nutritionist will require actively engagi ng with the patient as well as his family members in the process of lunch making and affectionately greet him at each step of lunch preparation for improving the level of his confidence and motivation in undertaking the desirable task on a routine basis (Jastran, Bisogni, Sobal, Blake, Devinee, 2009). The systematic alteration in patients eating choices might prove to be a significant clue to the occupational therapist in relation to the induction of his self-enhancement pattern regarding lunch preparation. The occupational therapist will evaluate various performance indicators for Michael after obtaining consent from his family members. This will require the systematic configuration of professional boundaries with the objective of engaging the patient for identifying the functional deficits requiring systematic mitigation through occupational intervention. Utilization of COPM (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) diagnostic modality will assist in evaluating the patient perspective for taking informed clinical decisions in the context of acquiring desirable mental health outcomes (Colquhoun, Letts, Law, MacDermid, Missiuna, 2012). The COPM assessment tool will assist in identifying the individual perception of the patient in relation to the constraints faced by him in day-to-day life. This tool will facilitate the administration of personalized healthcare interventions with the objective of mitigating the constraints and challenges experienced by Michael in real life situations. The occupational intervention would require conducting semi-structured interview with the objective of evaluating the apprehensions, perspectives, thought process and fears of the patient in relation to the effective undertaking of tasks attributing to the lunch preparation, laundry management and traveling through bus to a pre-defined destination. Indeed, after the systematic evaluation of Michaels perceptions regarding the functional activities the occupational therapist will systematically establish therapeutic goals and their accomplishment timeline with the objective of facilitating their step-by-step accomplishment for the acquisition of the desirable functional outcomes. These therapeutic goals require a thorough discussion with the patient and his family members before their eventual establishment. The occupational therapist will require accessing patients immediate environment for identifying the significant cues could facilitate his functional enhancement in accordance wi th the established therapeutic goals. For example, the occupational therapist will require accessing patients kitchen and evaluate the space and types of equipment available for helping Michael in the process of lunch-preparation. This will assist in the systematic configuration of various motivational interventions warranting administration for improving patients cooking capacity required to facilitate his self-sufficiency in relation to the process of lunch making on a routine basis. Similarly, the occupational therapist would require assessing patients laundry management skills with the objective of exploring the scope of improvement in undertaking laundry associated tasks. The occupational therapist will systematically evaluate patients confidence level in relation to the process of independent commutation through bus and other transport vehicles. This will assist in the identification of sustained psychosomatic deficits that hinder the motivation of the patient in terms of comm uting through the bus to the local shops. The patient feedback obtained through the COPM Intervention will substantially assist the occupational therapist as well as patients family members in terms of establishing evidence-based therapeutic goals for the substantial enhancement of patients psychosocial potential warranted for undertaking the desirable activities of daily living and personal care (Yang, Lin, Lee, Chang, 2017). The COPM intervention will also evaluate the level of patients responsiveness as well as willingness in terms of undertaking and accomplishing desirable occupational goals (Rehab Measures: Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, 2013). The COPM measure will also record the subjective experiences of Michael in relation to the prospective personal care goals, including any associated performance failures that he might have had experienced in the past while attempting to prepare his school lunch, managing the laundry and traveling to local shops through bus a fter School. These measurements will substantially assist the occupational therapist in terms of configuring real time strategies for the acquisition of Michales occupational outcomes. Data obtained from the semi-structured interview will require systematic recording the clinical database for its statistical analysis. Short-term goal for Michael will include accessing internet for reading the methods for lunch preparation and laundry management. The patient will require understanding each step of both processes through the internet and then discussing the content with his family members. This will eventually prepare his mind towards undertaking these activities of daily living and personal care while effectively mitigating the negative apprehensions. Michael will require visiting the bus stand on a daily basis and view the process of visitors boarding from buses. This will increase his confidence and motivation in terms of taking systematic steps for accomplishing the long-term occupational therapy goals. The long-term OT goal will include the sustained enhancement of patients postural control, strength and physical endurance to facilitate the coordinated functioning of upper extremities. The patient will learn to maintain appropriate posture consistently for a duration of 30 minutes without experiencing the pattern of ataxia or gait related abnormality. Improved postural control will eventually improve the pattern of patients fine motor skills required for undertaking the activities of daily living (Wang, Howe, Hinojosa, Weinberg, 2011). The enhancement of patients motor skills will also improve his pattern of his attention and focus while performing the desirable activities (Wulf, Shea, Lewthwaite, 2010). This administration of this self-controlled intervention under the assistance of occupational therapist and family members will facilitate the timely accomplishment of patients ADL-goals. Patient will also require undertaking dumbbell exercise with the objective of improving his extremity function required for activities like lunch preparation, laundry management and traveling through bus. Indeed, patients extremity improvement will substantially restore the pattern of his functional independence in the community environment (Wang, Greendale, Kazadi, Salem, 2012). The occupational therapist would require utilizing MBI (Modified Barthel Index) outcome measurement tool for objectively measuring patients improvement in terms of undertaking the activities of daily living and personal care (including lunch preparation, laundry management and travel to local shops from school through bus). MBI is a reliable tool for assessing the activities of daily living (Ohura, Hase, Nakajima, Nakayama, 2017). Scores retrieved through direct observation will define the extent of patients improvement in the context of predefined occupational therapy goals. In terms of ambulation measurement, score-0 will indicate patients complete ambulation dependence. However, score-3 will reveal the requirement of taking assistance from another person for ambulation. Score-8 will indicate the requirement of physical aids for movement. Score-12 will indicate patients movement independence; however, he might require external assistance for improving the pattern of his confidence and safety during travel. Score-15 will emphasize the requirement of wearing braces during sitting and walking in the absence of external supervision with the objective of facilitating hassle free movement of the patient. Similarly, lunch and laundry management tasks will require evaluation through different scores for evaluating the pattern of overall improvement in Michaels activities after the occupational therapy intervention. Scores 0- 20, 21-60, 61-90, 91-99 will indicate the pattern of total, severe, moderate and slight dependence of patient on the activities of daily living (ADL) (SV, 2017). However, score 100 will reveal complete independence of the patient in terms of undertaking the pattern of ADL. The systematic acquisition of a P-E-O fit warrants the integration of performance, occupational and environmental factors for generating the desirable outcomes from the occupational therapy intervention. In the presented case scenario, the accomplishment of patients occupational performance will be evident by the level of improvement in his activities of daily living and personal care. The performance components will require evaluating while assessing Michaels motor skills and communication pattern. These components must effectively coordinate with the environmental factors (including patients surroundings, societal and cultural attributes and other natural constraints) and occupational ingredients (occupational/self-care activities, leisure time and productivity) in the context of acquiring the desirable occupational performance. The systematic integration of the attributes including person, environment and occupation will eventually reveal the substantial improvement in Michaels ac tivities of daily living. For example, he will successfully prepare his lunch, manage the laundry task and commute to the local shops through bus in the absence of an external assistance. Michal will indeed be able to effectively surpass the environmental constraints and prove to be a good occupational fit in accordance with the P-E-O fit approach. Michaels sustained adaptation to the P-E-O fit constraints will affirm the establishment of his self-sufficiency in terms of independently undertaking the desirable activities (Lien, Steggell, Iwarsson, 2015). Bibliography Bigby , C., Johnson , H., O'Halloran , R., Douglas , J., West , D., Bould , E. (2017). Communication access on trains: a qualitative exploration of the perspectives of passengers with communication disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1-8. doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1380721 Colquhoun , H. L., Letts , L. J., Law , M. C., MacDermid , J. C., Missiuna , C. A. (2012). Administration of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: effect on practice. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(2), 120-128. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22667020 Ernst, M., Daniele, T., Frantz, K. (2011). New perspectives on adolescent motivated behavior: attention and conditioning. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(4), 377-389. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.013 Fling, B. W., Dutta, G. G., Schlueter, H., Cameron, M. H., Horak, F. B. (2014). Associations between Proprioceptive Neural Pathway Structural Connectivity and Balance in People with Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00814 Greenberg, G. (2010). Positive reinforcement. Can Fam Physician, 56(3), 222. 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